Real estate ownership for foreigners
Foreigners cannot own land in Thailand but are allowed to lease land under a land lease agreement registered with the land department and own the structure built on leased land. Obtaining the correct legal ownership of the building greatly increases the land lessee's rights and long term interest in the property. The right to own a building upon another man's land however always relates to the right to use and possess the land, i.e the term of the land lease (and optional the term of an additional right of superficies).
Structures seperate from the land do not have an ownership deed. Some suggest this would be the tabien baan or house book but this is not correct. Proof of ownership (ownership by possession) could generally be established by either a land lease giving the lessee the right to build and the building permit (preferably issued in the lessee's name) or the Thai script sale of a structure document, issued, signed, stamped and administrated by the local land office.
How to transfer ownership of an existing house
The transfer of ownership of a structure seperate from the land must be in writing and registered with the competent authority (the local land office) in order to be complete. Under Thai contract law the sale of an immovable property is void unless it is made in writing and registered by the competent official (civil code section 456). The following steps are generally involved for the transfer of ownership of a house in Thailand (i.e. transfer seperate from the land it is on):
- The seller and the buyer of the house must present themselves at the local land office to announce the sale. If a party can't attend the land office (e.g. the foreigner is abroad) a proxy can be appointed using the land office power of attorney form (document Tor-Dor 21).
- Documents among others required: Tor-Dor 21 (if applicable), building permit and/or previous land office sale agreement, Ta Bian Baan (House Book), ID's of the parties (passport or ID-card).
- The land office will issue 4 copies of a notification form for the sale of a structure (the public notice), to be put up at (1) the Or.Bor.Tor, (2) the District Office, (3) the Kamnan Office and (4) at the building itself for a 30-day public announcement of the sale (to see if anyone wishes to contest ownership).
- After the 30 days public notice period the parties must present themselves at the land office to have the sale of the structure completed by the competent authority (the official Thai script land office sale of a structure document is separate from any private sale agreement between the parties).
This for example means that when a developer in Thailand offers a land lease and a sale agreement for the house the transfer of the structure must still be effected according to the above described procedure at the local Land Department's provincial or branche office and transfer of ownership taxes and fees must be paid.
Alternatively the developer could (instead of a sale agreement for the house) offer a construction agreement in addition to a land lease agreement. In this case generally 'VAT' (value added tax) is charged and the building permit must be issued in the purchasers names, or the building permit should be changed before final completion to the purchaser's name. In case a house sale agreement is offered transfer fees and taxes are charged in the official transfer procedure as described above.
transfer tax and fees for a house
Normal property transfer fees and taxes apply to the transfer of ownership of a house separate from the land it is on. Some of the rates are based on the actual sale price or appraised registered value of the house. The government appraised value of the house depends on the floor area of the house, number of floors, materials used (e.g. wood or concrete) and location.
other taxes
When both land and house is leased (ownership of the house has not be obtained) a yearly building and land tax shall be charged on the owner at a rate of 12.5 % of the yearly lease price. It will significantly reduce tax liabilities when the structure upon leased land is owned by the lessee.